
¡ASK
A MEXICAN! Letters
GIVING
VOICE TO IGNORANCE
The Eugene-Springfield Solidarity Network/Jobs with
Justice stands with CAUSA and the local Latino/a community in expressing
our outrage and disappointment about EW's decision to continue
running Gustavo Arellano's offensive and dangerous column, "¡Ask
a Mexican!" If EW wants to "ask a Mexican" in order to educate
our community about Latino culture and history, we are blessed to
have many local activists and educators who could share meaningful,
relevant information, rather than encouraging racist and ignorant
stereotyping.
Arellano has a right to express his brand of cruel
humor, just as the editors of EW have a right to run the
column. However, by doing so, EW is showing that it is more
committed to giving voice to ignorance and fanning the flames of
racism than it is to respecting the requests of many local readers,
including ESSN/JwJ, who want to see the column canceled.
We would much rather read a column written by local
Latino/a activists who can share with EW readers the realities
of Latino/a life in our community!
Maybe we could actually learn how to be better allies
rather than seeing a weekly opportunity for racist stereotyping!
For the Steering Committee of ESSN/JwJ,
Bayla Ostrach, Eugene
DANGEROUS
HUMOR
Was Lenny Bruce funny? Is Margaret Cho funny? I
think, to respond to Roscoe Caron's comment (letters, 11/29), that
Gustavo Arellano knows exactly where he is (Orange County) and exactly
how dangerous his humor is. If humor isn't dangerous, it's not effective.
You can't use safe humor as an organizing tool. Maybe that's why
the labor movement has nearly collapsed: It's afraid of humor. If
a comedian isn't walking a tight rope, no one pays any attention.
I think that Arellano's columns are full of love.
I hope the Weekly continues to run them. They are some of
the best pieces of writing I've seen in this newspaper.
Ann Tattersall, Eugene
HEED
THE FEEDBACK
I hope you will heed the voices of our local community
who are asking for the "¡Ask A Mexican!" column to be replaced
with a regular column written by Latinos and Latinas in the Eugene-Springfield
area.
You'll undoubtedly attract a larger audience with
these local voices, which beats the alternative of offending people
who are already assaulted daily with hate speech, hate legislation
and so much other singling out for unequal treatment.
I know your intent is not to publish material that
hurts innocent people, and it's also probably not the columnist's
intent. But the effect is what counts, and the effect in this community
is what you're being asked to stop — and you can do your part
to stop it.
Thanks for what I hope is your willingness to heed
community feedback from those who are on the frontlines of anti-immigrant
sentiment. Let's all of us who have any bit of power do everything
we can to make a difference and make Eugene a welcome place for
all!
Hope Marston, Eugene
THE
SPICY APPROACH
When I suggested to the Weekly editors that
it was way past time for a regular column by local people of color,
or rotating local people of color, I have to admit that my bias
for Latino writers tended towards Richard and Patricia's "Column
of the Americas" more than "¡Ask A Mexican!" But like Dan
Savage's "Savage Love," "¡Ask A Mexican!" is hella entertaining.
If you've ever hung wit' Latinos, then you know
part of what you're getting is the simulated thoughts of a cultural
insider speaking in a vernacular that only white people willing
to hang with people of color with their hair down and their culturally
smiling masks (and gloves) off would know.
In order to hang wit' 'em, you can't be a stereotypical
culturally amnesiac American ignorant of commonly known (among us
anyway) history. We have to know about Shakespeare and Chaucer,
while you remain ignorant of, say Vincente Riva Palacio. Parlez-vous
double insult, cabrones?
Basically, when a white calls all Latinos Mexicans,
he's turning the cultural tables, and yeah, it's insulting both
ways. But which voice do you hear most from? That is assuming [Arellano]
is Mexican, and not a white guy fronting.
To the degree that satire is enlightening is the
degree that one can get past the shock and insult and dig for the
facts of what he's referring to. What is the reconquista?
What about white invasions of Mexico and California? Why would Mexicans
think the Spanish named states of the U.S. were stolen?
The drawback to the spicy approach is that some
people are so dense they won't take the time to learn from either
a low-brow or high-brow approach.
Mark Harris, Eugene
EDUCATED
CHICANO
Oregon is white and bleeding red (spirit of Indians),
and there are very few Hispanic writers in good ol' Oregon. How
many of you gringos read the Hispanic News, Noticias, Puertolandia?
Danger! Gustavo Arellano is an educated Mexican;
that's what this whole fuss is about. Reading the responses by all
the whiners, I saw no criticism on historical evidence or research
presented by Arellano. I read: "He is racist! He is reinforcing
stereotypes!" Blah, blah, c'mon progressive liberals (Google "freedom
of speech").
More than a voice, Arellano provides a little history
on white hypocrisy and Mexican bigotry and homophobia, but most
of the time he brings positive notes to the table. I think it's
safe to say: White, middle-class-hippie-organic-vegetarians in Eugene
feel guilty with so much history (read, the lies my teacher told
me); they hide behind the rhetoric: everything is fine, as long
as these pitiful minorities keep quiet and don't raise their voices.
Once somebody like Arellano provides a piece of research to all
of us, suddenly we abandon our salsa dancing lessons and our foreign
films (sound familiar?) to scream at the EW editors. Oregon,
we love dreamers, but sometimes we have to see the realities. I'm
not scared of those rednecks who are blatant explicit racists; I'm
scared about the backstabbers who hide behind the peace sign, just
like a cheating wife or husband or partner.
Hey gabachos, rather than complaining against
a compadre, why don't you complain against your compadre
Lou Dobbs. Oh, by the way, we felt abandoned by the progressive
hippies during our May 1st demonstration (read Sensenbrenner bill)
last year in Salem, Corvallis and Eugene.
Si yu laiter, amigos.
Pedro Rosa-Meleño, Eugene
OVER
THE TOP
My two cents on your running the "¡Ask A Mexican!"
column is that it is that the extreme sarcasm of Arellano's humor
is a bit over the top for current Eugene to the point where many
people, Anglos and Latinos alike, will perceive it to be nothing
more than offensive.
I think if you are going to persist in running the
column, you should at least go to the effort of running some serious
stories, commentaries, etc. on local/statewide Latino realities.
Especially in a year when immigrant and Latino communities are under
severe attack by racist and right wing forces, I look to you to
be supportive of human rights and positive, inclusive social solutions.
Herb Everett, Eugene
THE
RACE CARD
Since Gustavo Arellano clearly thinks the U.S. should
welcome the tsunami of humanity pouring illegally across our southern
border — and since EW apparently agrees — why
don't you write a piece on what Mexican authorities would do to
a U.S. citizen or a Guatemalan caught trying to enter Mexico illegally?
Arellano had no intelligent response when I "asked
a Mexican." Instead, he — like most open borders proponents
— plays the "race" and "hate" cards against those of us who
want our laws enforced.
Jerry Ritter, Springfield
JUST
A SMOKESCREEN
I guess I'm just one of those people Gustavo Arellano
has labeled a "PC pendejo," but I still can't see how his
insistent use of a racist piece of crap like his logo can turn said
crap into a shining tool for undoing racism. Maybe this kind of
postmodern alchemy works in grad-level sociology classes or maybe
even in his Orange County stomping ground. But unless he can show
his work, I'm tempted to believe that the rambling rationales he
gave in his interview in the Nov. 29 issue of the EW are
just a smokescreen for what he's really trying to do: draw attention
to himself.
It's not for nothing that Arellano has been dubbed
"the Paris Hilton of the Latino journalism world" by L.A. Times
critic Agustin Gurza. In fact, speaking to the L.A. Press Club recently
(video available on YouTube), the rationale Arellano gave to that
audience was that the logo draws young people's attention to his
column.
Despite protests to the contrary, Gustavo Arellano
really is the "Mexican" voice of EW. Our community
deserves a local Latino voice, to address Latino issues from a local
perspective, not a snarky, self-serving, syndicated columnist who
tries to offend as many people as he informs.
EW can be an outlet for local community voices,
or a weekly collection of ads and movie reviews with filler from
"edgy" syndicated columnists. Which is it gonna be, EW?
Scott Miksch, Eugene
BEYOND
COMFORT ZONE
Ha ha, you all kill me. Seriously, do you think
we're so advanced that we need not discuss race? There is a time
for everything, and cleaning the dirt out of the wounds is what
is needed now. Yes, you will be somewhat uncomfortable. Deal with
it! Actually, we'll all deal with it as a community. Yes, we should
be uncomfortable. I'd be ashamed to not be.
Trevor Ballard, Eugene
NOT
ABOUT RACE
It's extremely ignorant to assume that just because
we do not want our borders invaded by illegal aliens (many of them
are from South and Central America as well as Mexico) and we do
not want illegal aliens to live here and work here, that does not
mean we have stereotypes of Mexicans, and we have to "be educated."
My Mexican friends in California, who were legal citizens of America,
did not like the U.S. being invaded by illegals who come over the
border, either.
They were the ones who pointed out the dangerous
gangs in our neighborhood who they knew came over the border illegally
and were now making our area very dangerous. My friends were legal
citizens of the U.S., and they told me they did not like illegals
coming over the borders anymore than we white people did. In other
words, this dislike of "Mexicans" is not a racist problem; it is
anger from all American citizens of having their borders invaded
by illegal aliens (of any kind) and having them come over, live
here, work, have families and not come through the front door like
all the other immigrants are forced to do.
Get that through your head, EW: It is not
a "racist problem," it is an immigration and border-invasion problem.
We do not want any race invading our borders, illegally, stomping
in and declaring that they have as many rights an any immigrant
who has to come in legally. Do you finally understand the problem?
Get people to come in the front door of the U.S. or not to come
in at all. Stop insulting our intelligence with stuff like (this)
"¡Ask a Mexican!" B.S.
D.H. Bucher, Eugene
LETTERS
TO THE EDITOR
NAKED
BIKE RIDE?
As a native Portlander, past Eugene resident and
everyday cyclist, it comes as little surprise that the city's bike
commuting rate is shrinking in the face of Portland's success (news
story, 11/21).
Eugene essentially functions like a suburb, its
citizens continually fighting increased density, beginning with
past building height restrictions downtown in the hopes of "keeping
things the same." These efforts have severely reduced the vibrancy
of the urban core and pushed all new development along major arterials
(read West 11th, Coburg Road, Highway 99, River Road), effectively
preventing all but the bravest bike commuters from riding into town.
The city-sanctified Bridge Pedal has little to do
with it — there are almost weekly events organized by Portland
citizens, nonprofits and businesses, and if Eugeneans really wanted
a bike event, they could organize one independently (naked bike
ride, anyone?). But this tradition of (over)reactive citizenship
instead of proactive leadership typifies the town; all those abandoned
warehouses along the river were just waiting for their Pearl District
makeover, and some denser student housing in place of the rotten
west campus slums would be an extra bonus.
You want more bikes? Replace all the ground level
parking lots downtown with one garage (it can even be underground
like Portland's newest park) and build mixed-use. You don't need
more parks, you don't need more bike boulevards; the bikers will
ride in past the car traffic, and the downtown residents
will walk. As far as all the West 11ths/82nds of the world: The
sins of the father will visit the children.
Michael Geffel, Portland
GREEN
ROOF EUGENE
With all this talk of revamping downtown; the thoughts
of tearing down established (and wanted) buildings so the city can
allot more money into "new growth": Why not put more green into
Eugene?
I bike around and I see posters saying "Strawberry
Fields or Cement" and other catchphrases. Why not reach a happy
medium? The city already wants to "invest" a lot of money in making
downtown more productive. So I suggest putting what are known as
green roofs on the older buildings, and with the new ones that might
get built, make it mandatory to put green roofs on them as well.
The idea is simple: Bring back some of the organic
material displaced by development these days. We all know it's always
hotter in the city, which makes the energy costs a little excessive
during the heat waves. With the placement of green roofs, we would
get things like: keeping it cool for those hot summer times. Working
with maintaining storm-water overflow. Helping insulate the heat
for the rest of Oregon's breezy and notorious weather. And, of course,
bringing back the greenery of what Eugeneans love so much about
Oregon. Old civilizations have been documented to do this. People
in the Bronx are doing it, Chicago, Massachusetts and Washington,
D.C., as well. Even Wal-Mart. So why not Eugene?
Gwyn Marlow, Eugene
DANCING
& HUGGING
Thanks for that glimpse into the heart of the Holiday
Market (Slant, 11/21); you captured the joy of the event so well.
The dancing and hugging in the aisles continues daily, and the crowds
are showing up and enthusiastically supporting local artistry and
commerce. Thanks for the multiple mentions of our event throughout
last week's issue — I think it really helped raise awareness
and get folks in the door.
Thanks also for mentioning the great line-up of
live music. This community of ours is abundant with talented musicians,
and I could easily book twice the number of acts and still not fit
everyone who deserves to be heard and appreciated on the schedule.
For the past 16 years I have been fortunate to work with these people
both as "Whoever's in charge of the live music," and as "Whoever's
running the sound board," which is a rare position to be in. I get
to experience firsthand, every week, what this dedicated, generous,
talented group of visionaries have to contribute to the spirit of
this place we've chosen to live in. I get to see them help folks
smile and laugh and cry and dance and sit still and listen, and
take them away from the everyday with the sounds they make. It's
a blessing to behold.
They say that good management is invisible, so I'll
take it as a compliment that I'm a "whoever" in this case. I do
prefer to enable horn tooting, rather than toot my own horn, but
just this once, a short blast — I'm Kim Still, manager of
market promotions and advertising at Saturday Market and Holiday
Market, and I book the music and run the sound board and do all
kinds of other Market promoting things.
Glad to know you appreciate the Market. Indeed it
is an amazing community resource!
Kim Still, Saturday Market
BEST
BEST SERVICE
This is in response to the Nov. 8 letter by Seth
Long and the Ring of Fire crew (which itself was in response to
the EW's mentioning Ring of Fire restaurant in their Best
of Eugene issue, Oct. 25). "Though you might receive the best
best service if you're a gay man, service for the rest of us ain't
too shabby either," EW wrote.
I'm a gay man, but I'm not generally identified
as gay, even by other gay guys — I just plain don't get noticed
that way, for the most part. So I guess my restaurant service wasn't
as good as it could be? Don't get me wrong, I have always loved
my dining experience at Ring of Fire. The food is great and the
staff are friendly and good at what they do. I just thought it was
kind of funny EW wrote what it did, but I also thought it
was cool because a Corvallis equivalent of the EW would never
have the huevos to write something like that, even about a business
everybody knew was overwhelmingly GLBT ... if there were any here.
I remembered dining at ROF, and it spurred some
introspection. I get the same thing at Snafu (coincidentally a partner
business of Ring of Fire), where there's nowhere besides outside
the building to talk to people without screaming at the top of your
lungs. I've noticed people don't want strike up conversation unless
you look like you fell out of an Aberzombie catalogue, fuck with
your eyebrows, are Auschwitz-skinny, or it's a friend you already
knew from Neighbors back when it was open. So when you're the one
who tries to start a conversation, you get snotty comments and/or
ignored.
I miss Neighbors. It was a bigger space with places
where you could actually talk with people and had a wider (better?)
variety of people to meet and chat with.
Ryan Thompson, Corvallis
A
BAD DEAL
The BLM's ongoing Western Oregon Plan Revisions
are quickly moving toward opening tens of thousands of acres of
ancient forests to logging. These lands were originally given to
the Oregon and California (O&C) Railroad Company for construction
of a railroad and later came under BLM management. When the management
plan for these lands was written, timber was king. Forest management
is now guided by an entirely different set of principles where any
number of management activities might be prioritized over industrial
logging. For example, the Bull Run Watershed, once roaded and partially
logged, is now protected for the clean, fresh drinking water it
provides for the city of Portland.
We are incredibly fortunate that old-growth forest
remains on these BLM lands and clearly it should be protected. Old-growth
forests are storehouses of biodiversity, producers of fresh water,
factories for clean air, banks of stored carbon and offer opportunities
for sustainable economies and refuge for human beings.
Observation and science have shown that fire burns
as a mosaic in old-growth forests, resulting in complex landscapes,
whereas tree farms burn hot and fast, leaving few structural legacies
and stark landscapes with damaged aquatic ecosystems.
The BLM's statistics show that old-growth forests
are far below their historic level while dense, even-aged tree plantations
represent more than 30 percent of the planning area. Why doesn't
the timber industry focus on forestry that enhances the existing
plantations with a mosaic of patterns and tree spacing instead of
logging irreplaceable old growth forests?
David Mildrexler, Joseph
KILLER
TREE
While I wholeheartedly agree on the value of saving
trees, I thought I should tell you of one occasion where someone
was killed by a failing tree. Working from memory here, but perhaps
five or six years ago (perhaps longer) someone was driving down
Jefferson, and at approximately 9th Avenue one of the big street
trees on the west side of the street had a limb fall as the car
passed underneath. It crushed and killed the occupant, a male I
believe, and the car ran off the street and crashed into a house
a few feet away.
I really enjoy the canopy on Jefferson street but
I fear as the trees age we will lose their beautiful arching over
the street. I can't remember offhand, but I don't believe a tree
was ever planted to replace the one they took out after the limb
fell.
I have also worked to get the city to replant the
big trees in Sladden Park as they fall every few years in the storms.
We've lost about 10 trees in the last 25 years, and only about three
or four years ago was I able to get the city to plant a few new
trees. I think they planted five or six.
I was amazed that the city tree "specialist" didn't
understand the concept of the small trees being planted on the west
side of the park as a wind break for the big trees in the winter
storms. He was particularly offended that I tried to discuss this
with him and was rude and abrupt with me afterwards. I don't know
where the city hires their arborists, but they need to study nature
more and build an understanding of how trees interact with each
other rather than just having a knowledge of single trees.
If we want to be a "Tree City" we should build a
canopy, not just plant a tree.
Thanks for the article (cover story, 11/12).
Cathy Evans, Eugene
QUIT
YAPPING
A few simple requests:
1. Keep running the meth ads. They're downright
disgusting but I appreciate the practical approach regarding these
thieving, drugged-up parasites who raise their children on the freakin'
dole (no shit, a couple of them live up the street from me).
2. Local companies — quit crowing about how
goddamned green you are and do it for its own sake. Self-righteousness
belongs to the right, not the left (if you robots want to categorize
such things so simply).
3. Downtown has sucked since our glorious overseers
dug out the fountain. Here's my idea: Put the fucking fountain back
in! How's that for "revitalization"?
4. I'm glad my scooter is a classic so I don't have
to worry about its two-stroke engine being taken off the road, but
for those greenies out there, I encourage you to support P-Town
Scooters up in Portland regarding their biodiesel conversion for
the older two-strokes. For now I'm just happy watching a thick cloud
of two-stroke smoke waft down the street when I start the scooter
(and I'll get another one back on the road soon!). Suck it up, hippies!
5. WOW Hall — Quit booking pretentious assholes
like Bassnectar who won't allow the local artists opening for their
show to get paid. I went to see a friend spin, she got nothing,
and "Suckcheddar" got everything. Sickening.
6. Quit yapping about "diversity" while you live
in one the most white-bread cities in the country. It's tiring.
boorish and stupidly loud. I have a better idea: Follow the Golden
Rule and shut the hell up.
7. Bier Stein — Find a distributor for Rebel.
NOW. Klaster comes in a bottle too big for the lunch break and,
by your own admission, Rebel has won most of your lager taste competitions.
I promise to buy a six-pack every week. Oh, and your reubens are
too gristly, even if the pasta salad more than makes up for it.
Justin Bengtson, Eugene
IMPORTED
HERB
Thank goodness for EW letters. 'Tis about
the only place to find occasional mention of the War On (some) Drugs.
Writer Robert Simms, in his letter "Politics of Poppies" (11/15),
makes noise about some of the most glaring points in the perpetuity
of failure that is the drug war.
Besides the economic boost our drug war is providing
to the Taliban and others in the Middle East, here at home the story
is the same but different. Instead of funding the Taliban, we here
in the U.S. fund Asian cartels operating indoor pot farms and Latin
American crime organizations responsible for outdoor pot "farms"
growing thousands and tens of thousands of plants in single locations,
ruining domestic water sources and destroying habitat. Where once
domestic herb came from the toil of hard-working locals, now we
have international criminal syndicates reaping the profits.
The drug war is a boon, a goose laying golden eggs,
for the world's drug cartels (and its corporate counterpart, the
for-profit military-drugwar-industrial-prison-complex).
Here in Oregon — where we have probably the
nation's most successful medical cannabis program — "crime
fighting" knucklehead Kevin Mannix is seeking to dismantle the state's
self-sufficient Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP) and replace
it with a policy that would have the state paying for the synthetic
cannabinoid pharmaceutical Marinol for patients who want to continue
using cannabis medicine. He wants to replace a program (the OMMP)
that put back almost one million dollars into the state's coffers
in 2005. How many medical programs put money IN to a state's funds?
While those who oppose the war in Iraq hold large
demonstrations and get major airtime on national media, the drug
war gets no or little notice. Even though our drug policies affect
every community in the nation, seriously continue to erode the Constitution
and have police raiding homes in military assault team fashion (anyone
remember 5th and Adams?) the War On (some) Drugs remains the forgotten
stepchild of politics.
Allan Erickson, Eugene
A
VICIOUS CYCLE
I'm a soldier. Every day when I step out my front
door, I enter a war zone. To cross the battlefield alive I dodge
hurtling missiles of all shapes and sizes capable of tearing me
apart. Sometimes I'm assaulted by hundreds of missiles at a time
— a day does not pass where I'm not inches from losing my
life.
I gasp through low-hanging clouds of poison gas
as I make my way as quickly and as safely as I can across the battlefield.
I'm jarred by craters and a never-ending array of obstacles blocking
my path, threatening to waylay, injure or kill me.
There are days when I feel like giving up. When
the battle seems too hopeless. When there are too few standing by
my side. When the stress of each day's hellish journey sets my teeth
grinding through the night and my sleep is plagued by nightmares
as a corpse is plagued by worms.
Then I remember what I'm fighting for and that I
believe in the cause. And that I have an obligation to do what I
know is best for my fellow citizens, my country and future generations.
Though I'm not a violent person, I realize sometimes you must fight
for your freedoms.
So I carry on.
The sad thing is, I never signed up for this war.
I wasn't even drafted. All I ever wanted to do was ride my bicycle
across Eugene to work in the morning.
Josh Schlossberg, Eugene
RAIDERS
OF THE YARD
About 12 years ago, after moving into our new home,
I tried to grow roses. Well, it was a short lived attempt. I planted
them, and the next thing I knew they were gone. Oh, not dead. Some
rose deprived person felt they would look better in their yard.
I attempted to reclaim them. Followed a trail of dirt from First
Avenue to Whiteaker school. Unfortunately the trail ended. So, I
hope the roses got black spot and it spread to all of your other
plants. Well, over the years I have tried to have other yard art.
Things have continued to disappear.
The final straw was Buddha from our front porch.
You know that person will have bad karma for many lifetimes. So,
to the most recent attempt: You know who you are. Are your hands
OK? I hope it was a painful attempt at thievery.
Shannon Buck, Eugene
TWO
WHEELS ARE BEST
As our tragic occupation in the Middle East rages
on, what can we do here at home that can impact it? So many of us
have been untouched by this that we don't even think about it on
a daily basis. Well, it's still going on; innocent people are dying
every day and our tax dollars are funding it.
One reason for our presence there is to secure oil
supplies for the U.S. Therefore, one way we can impact the situation
is to lessen our demand for oil! I live on a busy street. There
is seldom a quiet moment from the noise of cars hurling past. This
is a bike-friendly community with plenty of local shops that provide
waterproof gear of all types. This is the kind of city that should
be leading the way for the rest of the nation. Why don't we truly
make an effort, make a sacrifice ourselves and commit to the bicycle
commute! Not only will it dampen our push for foreign oil, it will
save us money as the cost of oil nears $100 a barrel, and the exercise
will get our hearts pumping first thing in the morning.
Want peace? You can start by bicycling.
Margaret Beavers, Eugene
JUST
BUREAUCRATS
Thanks for publishing Robert Simms' outstanding
letter: "Politics of Poppies" (11/15). I especially liked his line,
"this war (drug war) was never meant to be won."
U. S. drug czar John Walters is essentially the
head cheerleader for the drug war bureaucracy. Like all bureaucrats,
his goal is the continuation and expansion of his bureaucracy. All
bureaucracies want more power and more money. The drug-war bureaucracy
is no exception.
The only way to achieve victory in the so-called
drug war is to re-legalize all of our now illegal drugs so they
can be sold in licensed, regulated and taxed businesses.
Victory is not the goal of the drug war. Victory
in the drug war would mean that the drug war bureaucracy is out
of business. Victory in the drug war would mean that our robust
prison building industry would come to a screeching halt.
Victory in the drug war would mean that thousands
of so-called drug warriors would be looking for a job or working
at quickie marts.
Kirk Muse, Mesa, Ariz.
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